$\begin{array}{l} a)\frac{{7x - 5}}{8} = \frac{{3x + 1}}{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow 5\left( {7{\rm{x}} - 5} \right) = 8\left( {3{\rm{x + 1}}} \right)\\ \Leftrightarrow 35{\rm{x}} - 25 = 24{\rm{x}} + 8\\ \Leftrightarrow 35{\rm{x}} - 24{\rm{x}} = 8 + 25\\ \Leftrightarrow 11{\rm{x}} = 33\\ \Leftrightarrow x = 3\\ Vay:x = 3\\ b)\frac{{11x + 2}}{4} - \frac{{4x - 1}}{9} = \frac{{13x + 2}}{{12}} - 2\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{99{\rm{x}} + 18}}{{36}} - \frac{{16{\rm{x - 4}}}}{{36}} = \frac{{39{\rm{x}} + 6}}{{36}} - \frac{{72}}{{36}}\\ \Leftrightarrow 99{\rm{x}} + 18 - 16{\rm{x}} + 4 = 39{\rm{x}} + 6 - 72\\ \Leftrightarrow 83{\rm{x}} + 22 = 39{\rm{x}} - 66\\ \Leftrightarrow 83{\rm{x}} - 39{\rm{x}} = - 66 - 22\\ \Leftrightarrow 44{\rm{x}} = - 88\\ \Leftrightarrow x = - 2\\ Vay:x = - 2\\ c)\frac{{59 - x}}{{19}} + \frac{{58 - x}}{{18}} = \frac{{57 - x}}{{17}} + \frac{{56 - x}}{{16}}\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{59 - x}}{{19}} - 1 + \frac{{58 - x}}{{18}} - 1 = \frac{{57 - x}}{{17}} - 1 + \frac{{56 - x}}{{16}} - 1\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{59 - x - 19}}{{19}} + \frac{{58 - x - 18}}{{18}} = \frac{{57 - x - 17}}{{17}} + \frac{{56 - x - 16}}{{16}}\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{40 - x}}{{19}} + \frac{{40 - x}}{{18}} = \frac{{40 - x}}{{17}} + \frac{{40 - x}}{{16}}\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{40 - x}}{{19}} + \frac{{40 - x}}{{18}} - \frac{{40 - x}}{{17}} - \frac{{40 - x}}{{16}} = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow \left( {40 - x} \right)\left( {\frac{1}{{19}} + \frac{1}{{18}} - \frac{1}{{17}} - \frac{1}{{16}}} \right) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow 40 - x = 0\left( {do:\frac{1}{{19}} + \frac{1}{{18}} - \frac{1}{{17}} - \frac{1}{{16}} \ne 0} \right)\\ \Leftrightarrow x = 40\\ Vay:x = 40\\ d)\frac{{11x + 2}}{4} - \frac{{4x - 1}}{9} = \frac{{13x + 2}}{{12}} + 2\\ \Leftrightarrow \frac{{99{\rm{x}} + 18}}{{36}} - \frac{{16{\rm{x - 4}}}}{{36}} = \frac{{39{\rm{x}} + 6}}{{36}} + \frac{{72}}{{36}}\\ \Leftrightarrow 99{\rm{x}} + 18 - 16{\rm{x}} + 4 = 39{\rm{x}} + 6 + 72\\ \Leftrightarrow 83{\rm{x}} + 22 = 39{\rm{x + 78}}\\ \Leftrightarrow 83{\rm{x}} - 39{\rm{x}} = 78 - 22\\ \Leftrightarrow 44{\rm{x}} = 56\\ \Leftrightarrow x = \frac{{14}}{{11}}\\ Vay:x = \frac{{14}}{{11}} \end{array}$