Read the passage carefully.
(1) The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).
(2) When songs have been subjected to these processes, their origin is usually impossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves, one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times, there would be many different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modern popular songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music.
(3) The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs origins cannot be disguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
(4) The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such a setting, folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
Choose an option (A, B, C, or D) that best answers each question.
What is the primary purpose of the passage?
A. To compare folk music with modern popular music
B. To explain how folk music is created and evolves
C. To explore the history of folk music in rural communities
D. To discuss the role of professional musicians in folk music
The word "variation" in the passage most likely means
A. repetition
B. creativity
C. change
D. limitation
Which of the following is implied as a reason why folk music differs from modern popular music?
A. Folk music has no professional composers.
B. Modern music is not influenced by communities.
C. Folk music undergoes constant reshaping by communities.
D. Modern music is not shared across generations.
Why does the author mention rural communities in the passage?
A. To highlight their role in preserving the origins of folk music
B. To show how isolated areas limit musical development
C. To describe the evolution of popular music in remote areas
D. To emphasize the impact of professional musicians in rural areas
What does the passage suggest about the role of memory in the evolution of folk songs?
B. Forgetfulness contributes to changes in lyrics and melodies.
A. Memory ensures the accuracy of lyrics over time.
C. Memory has little impact on the development of folk songs.
D. Forgetfulness prevents songs from being passed to future generations.
What is the main difference between folk music and published music as explained in the passage?
A. Folk music is shared orally, while published music is printed.
B. Folk music is simpler than published music in structure.
C. Published music cannot be modified by communities.
D. Published music is only created by professional musicians.
What can be inferred about the influence of isolated rural communities on folk music?
A. These communities limit the diversity of folk songs.
B. Isolation allows folk songs to remain traditional and unchanged.
C. Rural settings provide a unique environment for folk music to thrive and evolve.
D. Folk music from rural areas often becomes mainstream popular music.
The word "the other" in paragraph 2 refers to
A. a song
C. a friend of the
B. a farm laborer
D. a professional musician
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What is the primary purpose of the passage?
B. To explain how folk music is created and evolves
The passage primarily explains the creation and evolution of folk music, focusing on how it is passed through communities and altered over time.
The word "variation" in the passage most likely means
C. change
"Variation" in the context of folk music refers to the changes that occur in the song’s lyrics or melodies as it is passed through generations or artistic interpretations.
Which of the following is implied as a reason why folk music differs from modern popular music?
C. Folk music undergoes constant reshaping by communities.
The passage suggests that folk music evolves through constant reshaping by communities, with songs being modified over time through artistic expression, memory, and communal interaction.
Why does the author mention rural communities in the passage?
D. To emphasize the impact of professional musicians in rural areas
The author emphasizes that the ideal situation for creating folk music is in an isolated rural community, where the community plays a significant role in maintaining and evolving folk songs.
What does the passage suggest about the role of memory in the evolution of folk songs?
B. Forgetfulness contributes to changes in lyrics and melodies.
The passage highlights that memory can lead to forgetfulness, which in turn causes alterations in the lyrics and melody of a song, contributing to its evolution over time.
What is the main difference between folk music and published music as explained in the passage?
C. Published music cannot be modified by communities.
The passage explains that published music is often fixed in its composition and cannot undergo the same artistic creation and variation that folk music experiences within a community.
What can be inferred about the influence of isolated rural communities on folk music?
C. Rural settings provide a unique environment for folk music to thrive and evolve.
Isolated rural communities are depicted as providing the right environment for folk music to be created, passed on, and evolve through generations, making it unique and deeply connected to the community's culture.
The word "the other" in paragraph 2 refers to
A. a song
In the passage, "the other" refers to one of the friends who might add artistic touches or change the song, which aligns with the idea of folk songs being altered by different versions.
### **Answers**
1. **What is the primary purpose of the passage?**
**B. To explain how folk music is created and evolves**
The passage describes the processes through which folk music is created and evolves over time, including continuity, variation, and selection.
2. **The word "variation" in the passage most likely means:**
**C. change**
In the context of the passage, "variation" refers to changes in words or melodies due to artistic interpretation or memory lapses.
3. **Which of the following is implied as a reason why folk music differs from modern popular music?**
**C. Folk music undergoes constant reshaping by communities**
The passage explains that folk music evolves continuously through community participation, unlike modern music, which is fixed in recorded or printed forms.
4. **Why does the author mention rural communities in the passage?**
**A. To highlight their role in preserving the origins of folk music**
The passage points out that rural communities provide an ideal environment for the creation, evolution, and preservation of folk music.
5. **What does the passage suggest about the role of memory in the evolution of folk songs?**
**B. Forgetfulness contributes to changes in lyrics and melodies**
The passage mentions that forgetting some lyrics or melodies can lead to improvisation, which causes folk songs to change over time.
6. **What is the main difference between folk music and published music as explained in the passage?**
**A. Folk music is shared orally, while published music is printed**
Folk music evolves through oral transmission, whereas published music originates from a fixed printed or recorded source.
7. **What can be inferred about the influence of isolated rural communities on folk music?**
**C. Rural settings provide a unique environment for folk music to thrive and evolve**
The passage emphasizes that rural communities allow folk music to develop organically as part of their cultural traditions.
8. **The word "the other" in paragraph 2 refers to:**
**C. a friend of the farm laborer**
In the example given, "the other" refers to the second friend of the farm laborer, who adds artistic touches to the song.
What is the primary purpose of the passage?
B. To explain how folk music is created and evolves
The passage primarily explains the creation and evolution of folk music, focusing on how it is passed through communities and altered over time.
The word "variation" in the passage most likely means
C. change
"Variation" in the context of folk music refers to the changes that occur in the song’s lyrics or melodies as it is passed through generations or artistic interpretations.
Which of the following is implied as a reason why folk music differs from modern popular music?
C. Folk music undergoes constant reshaping by communities.
The passage suggests that folk music evolves through constant reshaping by communities, with songs being modified over time through artistic expression, memory, and communal interaction.
Why does the author mention rural communities in the passage?
D. To emphasize the impact of professional musicians in rural areas
The author emphasizes that the ideal situation for creating folk music is in an isolated rural community, where the community plays a significant role in maintaining and evolving folk songs.
What does the passage suggest about the role of memory in the evolution of folk songs?
B. Forgetfulness contributes to changes in lyrics and melodies.
The passage highlights that memory can lead to forgetfulness, which in turn causes alterations in the lyrics and melody of a song, contributing to its evolution over time.
What is the main difference between folk music and published music as explained in the passage?
C. Published music cannot be modified by communities.
The passage explains that published music is often fixed in its composition and cannot undergo the same artistic creation and variation that folk music experiences within a community.
What can be inferred about the influence of isolated rural communities on folk music?
C. Rural settings provide a unique environment for folk music to thrive and evolve.
Isolated rural communities are depicted as providing the right environment for folk music to be created, passed on, and evolve through generations, making it unique and deeply connected to the community's culture.
The word "the other" in paragraph 2 refers to
A. a song
In the passage, "the other" refers to one of the friends who might add artistic touches or change the song, which aligns with the idea of folk songs being altered by different versions.
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