1. You cannot gain anything without efforts.
--> Nothing can be gained without efforts .....
2 Due to his carelessness, he broke the most precious vase in his father's porcelain collection
--> It was careless of him because .he broke the most precious vase in his father's porcelain collection.....
3. No other magazine in the USA is more popular than people
--> People is the most popular magazine in the USA....
4. When did your student start doing his research on Applied Linguistic?
--> How long has  your student done his research on Applied Linguistic?
5. They wanted to know whether i had know him when i had been at college
--> They asked me " .Have you known him when you have been at college .?......."