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The name of the article: " Students’ Perceptions of the Use of AI
in a Writing Class "
Dian Toar Y. G. Sumakul1*, Fuad Abdul Hamied2, and Didi Sukyadi3
1Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana;
Ph.D. Candidate at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
2Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
3Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
*Corresponding author. Email: toar.sumakul@upi.edu
ABSTRACT
With its current developments, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has started to influence how teachers teach and how students
learn, including the ones in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. However, there have been debates on
whether AI could be beneficial to students’ learning or not. One way to see this issue is from the perspectives of the
students. Hence, this study aimed at investigating how students perceive the use of AI in their learning. The data was
collected through semi-structured interviews with 8 EFL students in a university in Indonesia who had the experience
with the use of an AI app in their writing class. The results showed that the students had positive perceptions towards
the use of the AI app. The students enjoyed the learning, and the AI app helped the students in their writing. Moreover,
this study also suggests that there are also several things to consider when integrating AI in writing classes.
Keywords: Students’ Perceptions, Artificial Intelligence, EFL Classrooms, Writing
1. INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is affecting every aspect of
human life, including education. As AI offers
automation, AI could affect the process of teaching and
learning, bringing new challenges and demands for both
teachers and students. In other words, AI could change
how teachers teach and how learners learn. This also
applies to language classrooms, EFL (English as a
Foreign Language) classrooms in particular.
AI is getting more common in EFL classrooms, and
one important element to consider when integrating this
technology should be how students accept this
technology. Users’ acceptance has been proven as a key
indicator in the success of technology integration to
improve performance [6]. In the context of EFL
classrooms, users here could refer to EFL students. When
the students could accept the use of the technology,
learning performance could be improved. One way to
measure students’ acceptance is to understand how they
perceive the technology in their learning. In the context
of EFL classrooms, many studies have shown the
importance of students’ perceptions in ICT technology
integration, but only very few regarding AI technology.
As AI technology is starting to invade EFL
classrooms and students’ perceptions are important in
technology integration, this study wanted to see how the
EFL students perceive the utilisation of AI technology in their writing class in a university in Indonesia. For this
purpose, this study employed the following research
questions:
1. How do EFL students perceive the use of AI
technology in their writing class?
2. What are the aspects EFL teachers need to consider
when incorporating AI technology in a writing class?
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Artificial Intelligence in Language
Learning
There are many definitions offered for Artificial
Intelligence (AI), but it could be simply defined as
intelligent machines. The intelligence here refers to
human intelligence. The intelligence here refers to human
intelligence. Synthesising some previous definitions,
Russel and Norvig [28] sum up that AI can be defined as
machines that can think and act humanly and rationally.
For example, nowadays we have AI that could drive a
car, perform medical operations, show directions, give
legal advice, and many others. Accordingly, in a
language classroom, AI would perform the roles of a
language teacher [3] [22]. For learners, AI could promote
more personalised learning.
As AI brings the promise of personalised learning,
many studies applaud the advantages that AI offers to
language learning. Since its introduction to language classrooms in the 1980s, AI is able to provide feedback
to students’ grammar [3], engage students through
written interactions [14], process students’ language
input [13], give more effective grammar feedback [23],
assist students’ errors in grammar [7], provide better
learning experiences [16], conduct meaningfulcommunications [18], help students gaining moreconfidence [11], increase students’ motivation [12], and
increase students’ reading comprehension [2]. These
findings suggest that AI offers a huge potential in
language learning.
2.2. The Importance of Students’ Perceptions
The technology might offer good promises, but how
the users perceive it is as also significant. In the context
of technology integration in language learning, as the
users, students’ perception is of great importance. From
cognitive psychology, Marx [21] argue that learner’s
perceptions could affect the learning activities designs,
teachers’ classroom management for students’ learning,
and how students see themselves as successful learners.
Moreover, Lizzio et al. [17] see the importance of
students’ perceptions using Biggs’ [4] Presage-ProcessProduct (3P) model, where students’ perceptions are
framed in the first P as students’ characteristics. These 3
Ps are suggested as the 3 vital factors for students’
learning. However, they cannot be treated separately as
they play a unified, integrated role. In relation to this,
Astika and Sumakul [1] found that by relying on Process
only would not guarantee students’ success in EFL
classrooms.
In general, students will use a technology if they think
it is easy to use and beneficial to their learning. These are
explained by the terms perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use in Davis’ [6] Technology
Acceptance Model (Figure 1). The model shows the
interplay of some factors affecting the use of technology.
Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use would
influence the intention to use which would later affect
usage behaviour; how a person would use technology. In
other words, in the context of this study, how EFL
students perceive a technology would affect their
intention to use the technology and later how they use it
in language learning.
In fact, studies on students’ perceptions of technology
integration in language classrooms are not new, and
many came up with positive results. Among them,
however, only a few looked at AI technology. For
example, Haristiani [11] found that learners are interestedclassrooms in the 1980s, AI is able to provide feedback
to students’ grammar [3], engage students through
written interactions [14], process students’ language
input [13], give more effective grammar feedback [23],
assist students’ errors in grammar [7], provide better
learning experiences [16], conduct meaningfulcommunications [18], help students gaining moreconfidence [11], increase students’ motivation [12], and
increase students’ reading comprehension [2]. These
findings suggest that AI offers a huge potential in
language learning.
2.2. The Importance of Students’ Perceptions
The technology might offer good promises, but how
the users perceive it is as also significant. In the context
of technology integration in language learning, as the
users, students’ perception is of great importance. From
cognitive psychology, Marx [21] argue that learner’s
perceptions could affect the learning activities designs,
teachers’ classroom management for students’ learning,
and how students see themselves as successful learners.
Moreover, Lizzio et al. [17] see the importance of
students’ perceptions using Biggs’ [4] Presage-ProcessProduct (3P) model, where students’ perceptions are
framed in the first P as students’ characteristics. These 3
Ps are suggested as the 3 vital factors for students’
learning. However, they cannot be treated separately as
they play a unified, integrated role. In relation to this,
Astika and Sumakul [1] found that by relying on Process
only would not guarantee students’ success in EFL
classrooms.
In general, students will use a technology if they think
it is easy to use and beneficial to their learning. These are
explained by the terms perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use in Davis’ [6] Technology
Acceptance Model (Figure 1). The model shows the
interplay of some factors affecting the use of technology.
Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use would
influence the intention to use which would later affect
usage behaviour; how a person would use technology. In
other words, in the context of this study, how EFL
students perceive a technology would affect their
intention to use the technology and later how they use it
in language learning.
In fact, studies on students’ perceptions of technology
integration in language classrooms are not new, and
many came up with positive results. Among them,
however, only a few looked at AI technology. For
example, Haristiani [11] found that learners are interested in using chatbots because they could use chatbots
anytime anywhere. She also observed that the students
were more confident in their learning activities when they
used chatbots compared to when they talked to human
tutors. Similarly, Haryanto [12] also found that his EFL
students were enthusiastic when they were introduced to
AI in their learning. Another example, Bailey et al. [2]
used story bots in their classrooms. The study revealed
that the students believed that the AI helped them meet
their L2 goals, relevant to their learning, and was easy to
use.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Participants
The participants of this study were eight EFL students
in an English Language Education department at a
university in Indonesia. They were introduced to an AI
app in their writing class when they were assigned to
write short stories.
The participants were part of a larger group for
another study looking at their motivation while working
with Artificial Intelligence. The group had completed a
questionnaire to measure their motivation and the eight
students were chosen to represent those with low,
medium, and high levels of motivation. Initially, there
were nine students contacted to participate in the
interview, with three students represented each
motivation level, but only eight replied and were
committed to do the interview. Within the context of this
study, which is about students’ perceptions, the
participants various motivation levels were also expected
to enrich the findings on the their perceptions.
3.2. Technology
The AI used in this study was a free web-app called
Plot Generator that can be accessed from
https://www.plot-generator.org.uk/. This app offers
the creation of a wide range of plots, such as movie
scripts, opening lines, fairy tales, opening lines, and
short stories In the writing class used in this study, the students
were asked to choose Short Story. When they opened the
Short Story section, the app would come up with a
number of prompts or story elements for the app to use in
making the short story (see Figure 3). Once all the
prompts had been filled, students could click the button
“write me a short story” and within seconds a short story
would be written.
3.3. Instrument
The data for this study were the EFL students’
perceptions of the use of Plot Generator in their writing
class, and they were collected using interviews. The
interviews were in forms of semi-structured interviews,
where there were primary questions and follow-up
questions based on the initial answers provided. In
general, the primary questions were about their general
opinions about the use of the AI in their writing class,
how they used the AI, how the app helped them in their
writing, the challenges they faced when using the app.
Some arguments support interviews as a sophisticated
data collection tool.
One of them is interviews could reveal phenomena
that cannot be seen with direct observations Moreover, the interviews were conducted using
WhatsApp, a mobile instant messaging application.
Kauffman and Peil [15] called this kind of interview as
MIMI (Mobile Instant Messaging Interview). Interviews
using instant messaging applications have been reported
to have the several advantages, such flexibility in terms of time and place, cost efficiency, and richer data [15]
[20] [24].
3.4. Data Analysis
The students’ perceptions will be discussed from the
perspectives of Davis’ [6] model, focussing on two
determinants: perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness. The latter, however, will be more elaborated
since the study have more data on this matter.
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This section will discuss how students perceive the
use of the AI app, Plot Generator, in their writing class.
Moreover, the pedagogical implications of the students’
perceptions will also be elaborated.
4.1. Students’ Perceptions
In general, all participants showed positive
perceptions towards the use of Plot Generator in their
writing class. Regarding perceived ease of use, all eight
participants agreed that Plot Generator was easy to use.
No report stating that they had technical problems when
using the app. Participant 06 even emphasised that it was
extremely easy, and Participant 04 explained that it was
easy and fun. Davis [6] claims that when a technology is
perceived to be easy, it is likely to be accepted by users.
In the context of this paper, when this AI app is perceived
to be easy to use, it would be likely that it would be
accepted by the students in their learning.
In terms of perceived usefulness, all participants
mentioned several things how Plot Generator was helpful
in their writing class. In other words, the app assisted
them when they did their writing assignments. The
assistance can be categorised into 3 groups: theoretical
concepts, writing process, and language. The distribution
of the categories in each participant from the interview
data is presented in Table 1.
The table indicates that all participants perceived that
the Plot Generator app could help them during the writing
process. Moreover, five participants reported that they
were assisted with the language, particularly on grammar
and vocabulary, and four participants claimed that they
were helped in understanding the theoretical concepts
needed in their writing.
4.1.1. Theoretical Concepts
A lesson usually consists of theoretical concepts for
the students to understand in order to do the assignments.
In this study, the students were learning about short
stories when the app was integrated into their lesson. One
example was given by Participant 02 who stated that she
was helped by Plot Generator because she learned the
elements required in a short story. Similarly, Participant
05 explained that they learned how to structure a short
story. They were made understood that a short story
could consist of an opening, conflict, and resolution.
Another example about a theoretical concept learned by
the participants is plot twist, as revealed by Participant
03. Participant 07 also shared that the app helped her to
understand several genres in a short story. She said,
“Apparently there are options when you write a short
Table 1. Distribution of perceptions towards AI
assistance among participants
Types of Assistance Participants01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08Theoretical Concepts √ √ √ √Writing Process √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Language √ √ √ √ √Figure 3 Prompts for short story generation
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 624
5 story. There are a number of genres. We could choose
romance, horror, or other genres.”
In conventional classroom settings, these theoretical
concepts are usually explained by the teacher in a lecture.
By incorporating this app, this teacher’s role was handled
by the app. However, the students were not helped to
understand the concepts through a lecture, but learned
them while working with the app.
4.1.2. Writing Process
The most important element in a writing class is when
the students do the writing. This is when the students
using the language, practice the writing skills. In this
study, this was also the moment where the app reported
to be useful. The first one was Plot Generator help the
students by giving them ideas of what to write.
Participant 01 said that they got the idea of how to
develop the story. This was also reported by Participant
03, Participant 04, Participant 05, and Participant 08.
Within the same sense, Participant 02 stated that the app
helped her to find the theme for her story. Participant 03
emphasised that this app would be useful for beginner
writers when there were writer’s blocks. When they
experienced difficulties on how to continue the story, this
app could help.
In addition to providing ideas, there were some other
helps provided by the app when the students were writing
their stories. For example, Participant 03 said that the app
helped her to choose a hook for the first sentence in a
paragraph. Another example was from Participant 04,
who stated that, “The app could guide me to write with
different styles, with more variations.” She also said that
the app helped her to make her story novel-like.
Participant 06 also mentioned about how the app helped
him with the plot. This happened when he was confused
about how the story should go. The last example came
from Participant 07. She said that the app helped her to
express her imagination in writing.
4.1.3. Language
One important element in writing is, of course, the
language. This is the vehicle of the thoughts of the writer,
where the writer’s ideas are represented. The language
here refers to the grammar and vocabulary the
participants learned while using the app. From the 8
participants involved in this study, five participants
reported they the app helped them learn grammar and/or
vocabulary. For example, Participant 03 mentioned that
she learned new words and phrases from the app. When
asked to give examples, she gave the word “scuppered”
and the phrase “curiosity kills the cat”. Participant 07 also
gave the words “selfish” and “silly” for examples. They
never knew the words and phrases before and learned
them while using the app in their writing. Still regarding
vocabulary, Participant 04 mentioned, “This app helped
me in recalling my vocabulary memory. So, the language
I used in writing were becoming more diverse.” Here, the
participant did not learn new words, but the app helped
her remember some words she already knew and used
them in her writing. In another example, specifically to grammar, Participant 05 said that using the app made her
grammar automatically correct so she could learn about
grammar too. Regarding this, Participant 06 emphasised
that if he had done it by himself, there would be so many
grammatical mistakes in his writing. Participant 07 made
clear that she could learn new knowledge regarding
grammar and vocabulary from the app.
4.2. Pedagogical Implications
Perceptions are key determinants in technology
acceptance [6]. In education, students’ perceptions play
an important role in determining the successful
integration of a particular technology in the learning
activities. As students are the subjects of the teaching and
learning processes, when they perceive a particular
technology could bring benefits to their learning, it is one
key indicator that the technology could be applied in the
classrooms. Therefore, within the context of this paper,
based on the positive students’ perceptions found in this
study, it could be said that the Plot Generator app has the
potential to be beneficial for EFL language learners. EFL
students’ positive perceptions towards the use of AI
technology in their learning have also been reported in
other studies [2] [11].
In addition to the positive perceptions, however, this
study found that there were some drawbacks reported by
the participants in relation to the sentences produced by
the app. For example, Participant 06 mentioned that some
parts of the story were unwanted. These made the story
incoherent (Participant 02) and weird (Participant 05).
Participant 02 further explained that the app just changed
the words, not the story. Correspondingly, Participant 04
found that the patterns of the story were actually the
same. These unnatural language productions have also
been observed in other studies looking at various AI apps
[5] [8] [9] [26].
Furthermore, although not directly related to writing,
the interview data also revealed that Plot Generator could
also help building students’ soft skills. For example, this
app could promote creativity and imagination. This was
suggested by Participant 04 and 07. By playing with the
words inputted in the initial prompts, students could play
with the words and try out different results. Moreover,
when later asked to edit the story generated by the app,
students could come up with different ideas on how to
change and redecorate the story. This is also where
critical thinking skills stepped in. Particularly, with the
unnatural sentences and incoherent sections produced by
the app discussed earlier, the students were then faced
with problems they need to solve. In addition to creativity
and critical thinking skills, students were also situated to
practice their communication and collaboration skills
when they were asked by the teacher to work in groups
to edit the story. Participant 01, 04, and 05 reported that
there were intense discussions and even debates in their
groups. In fact, these communication and collaboration
skills were not directly related to the characteristics of the
AI app, but more to how the teacher designed the learning
activities. It is not about the technology, but more importantly
the pedagogy. This could be viewed from two
perspectives: the teacher and the technology. From the
teacher’s angle, this could be translated as what more
important is how the technology can be utilised to
enhance students’ learning. However, this could
sometimes cause problems due to teachers limited
pedagogical competence [29] [30]. From the other angle,
Rieland [27] suggests that the problems may lie in the
pedagogical design of the technology in question. This
weak connection to theoretical pedagogical perspectives
is one of the significant issues in the applications of AI
technology in education [31]. Regarding the linguistic
elements of an AI app, Pace-Sigge [25] suggests that
linguists should be more involved in the development of
AI technology. In the context of language teaching and
learning, to have good links between the technology and
its pedagogical application, this study would also suggest
that language teachers should be of great importance as
well.
In short, teachers’ pedagogical competence is the key
to successful AI technology integration in EFL
classrooms. As Goodwin [10] suggests, machines only
help in writing, humans are the main actors. In the
context of this paper, AI is just a tool; teachers are still
the determining factor.
5. CONCLUSION
This study found that the EFL learners who
participated in this study showed positive perceptions
towards the use of AI technology in their writing class.
They reported that the AI used could help them
understand the theoretical concepts, assist them during
the writing process, and help them learn the grammar and
vocabulary items in their writing. With these positive
perceptions, this study suggests that AI technology could
be beneficial to EFL students. However, another
significant element to consider is teachers’ technological
competence. How teachers design the learning activities
incorporating AI technology would further determine the
success of the lesson.
AI technology integration in EFL classrooms is
relatively a new topic in ELT. Although there have been
some studies looking at this issue, there are still more to
elaborate on. This study has presented a small
contribution in this matter, particularly regarding the use
of AI in a writing class. Nevertheless, more studies
involving more data and more contexts are needed to
have a better understanding of this issue
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